Insect bites not only cause distress but the potential health risks certainly warrant using protection outdoors, and insect repellents are probably the most effective way to avoid or reduce the chances of getting bitten. Repellents act by masking attractants - such as body temperature, moisture and odour - and producing a vapour that confuses the insect's homing mechanisms. The two main types are synthetic and plant-derived natural repellents.

Synthetic Repellents
DEET (diethyltoluamide) is the most effective repellent against nearly all biting insects. There are other synthetic repellents available in the UK, although evidence so far has shown that they're not as effective as DEET and they haven't been used for as long or as widely. They can, however, provide an alternative for individuals who may react to DEET.

Many insect repellents contain DEET in different quantities and there are no official recommendations on the optimum level to use. However, data shows that the higher the concentration of active ingredient, the more effective and longer lasting the protection will be. Essentially, if there is risk of disease-carrying insects or a severe reaction to bites it is recommended that the highest concentration DEET repellent be used. In some instances, such as during short exposure or low risk, a lower concentration can be suitable, although users should beware of having a false sense of security or repeated applications that lead to excessive amounts contrary to directions.

For safe and effective use of DEET products: Be sure to follow the directions on the product label Apply only to exposed skin and/or clothing. Do not use under clothing. If used with sunscreen, apply the repellent 30mins to one hour after the sunscreen Never use repellents on wounds or irritated skin Do not spray directly on to the face or apply to the hands of young children Wash any residual repellent off the skin when it's no longer needed

Natural Repellents
In areas of low bug infestation and risk of disease, natural plant-derived repellents provide more than adequate protection and a safer option. For young children in particular, and pregnant or breastfeeding women, natural repellents are recommended.

Most insect repellents contain DEET or other chemicals as their active ingredients, often claiming to be 'natural' when combined with natural compounds. It is important to look at the product label to see exactly what the active ingredients are.

Using a Combination of Repellents
Often it is not just a case of natural versus chemical, but the right combination. Most insects bite after dusk, therefore, a useful recommendation is to use a natural product during the day, and then apply a DEET repellent in the early evening, especially if planning to be outdoors